In the 1750s, the Qing Dynasty carried out a systematic genocide against the Buddhist Dzungar people. A group of Buddhist Mongol tribes revolted against the Qing Dynasty and seized control of the Dzungar Khanate, triggering a major retaliation by the Qing government, which culminated in the group's complete eradication from the region. The Dzungars were the last large-scale nomadic group to challenge Chinese rule, and about hundreds of thousands of them were killed during this period, either by warfare, starvation, or disease. ¹⁾

Unit 731 was a Japanese army covert research unit based in China's Pingfang district at the time. It was created by Shiro Ishii, a combat medical officer, and is staffed by a large number of other doctors. Over 12,000 Chinese civilians and prisoners of war were captured and taken to Unit 731 over the course of the war. None of them survived. ²⁾

T4 Program, also known as T4 Euthanasia Program, was a Nazi German attempt to kill incurably sick, physically or mentally impaired, emotionally depressed, and elderly people under the guise of euthanasia. The program was started by Adolf Hitler in 1939, and although it was formally ended in 1941, clandestine killings continued until Nazi Germany was defeated militarily in 1945. ³⁾

Henry Wirz, the Confederate commander of Camp Sumter in Andersonville, Georgia, housed Union POWs. The camp, which had been chronically understocked, was in terrible shape. It was constructed to hold 10,000 prisoners, but at its peak in 1864, it held 32,000 POWs, leaving inmates with just six square feet of “living space.” ⁴⁾