Cape Froward is a cape that is the southernmost tip of South America on the mainland. Cape Horn, on the other hand, is the southernmost point of all of America and is located on Horn Island. Froward is part of the Brunswick Peninsula, within Chile. ¹⁾

In the 19th century, there were no clearly defined borders between Peru, Bolivia, and Chile in the Atacama Desert region. This became a source of conflict when valuable natural resources were discovered in the region. ²⁾

Gran Torre Santiago is the tallest skyscraper in Chile and South America and the tallest office building in Latin America. The building was designed by Argentine architect César Pelli, and construction was completed in 2013. The tower was built to be able to withstand earthquakes, which happen in this area. ³⁾

Galvarino was a famous Indian warrior from the Mapuche (Araucan) tribe living in present-day Chile. In 1577 at the Battle of Millaraupe Galvarino was killed with knives by more than 30 conquistadors, including one general. Despite being outnumbered, the Indians lost the battle. More than 3,000 Indians were killed and 800 were taken, prisoner. ⁴⁾

Valparaíso is the second-largest city in Chile, located at the foot of the Andes Mountains, a port on the Pacific Ocean. The city was founded in 1536 by Spanish conqueror Juan de Saavedra. The city's name is a combination of the Spanish words Valle (valley) and paraíso (paradise), which means valley of paradise. The historic districts of Valparaíso were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. ⁵⁾