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--- augustus [2024/09/04 03:18]
eziothekilla34 created
+++ augustus [2024/09/09 05:42] (current)
eziothekilla34
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 Augustus built a grand mausoleum in Rome, where he and other members of the imperial family were buried.[([[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/romanurbs/mausoleumaugustus.html|uchicago]])]
+===== Building Program =====
+Augustus famously claimed to have found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble, thanks to his extensive building projects.[([[https://idre.ucla.edu/featured/from-brick-to-marble-did-augustus-really-transform-rome|ucla]])]
+===== Ara Pacis =====
+He commissioned the Ara Pacis (Altar of Peace) in Rome, which symbolized the peace and prosperity brought by his reign.[([[https://www.rome-museum.com/ara-pacis.php|rome-museum]])]
+===== Succession Planning =====
+Augustus carefully planned his succession, ultimately choosing his stepson, Tiberius, to follow him as emperor.[([[https://thescholarship.ecu.edu/bitstreams/39f59749-6d8c-40f5-9fb5-6960f11eee52/download|thescholarship]])]
+===== Livia Drusilla =====
+He was married to Livia Drusilla for over 50 years, and she played a significant role in his reign.[([[https://www.quora.com/Were-Augustus-and-Livia-Drusilla-the-Roman-rulers-who-came-closest-to-a-happy-home-life-as-a-couple-in-their-personal-lives|quora]])]
+===== Propaganda =====
+Augustus used propaganda, including art, literature, and coinage, to promote his image and legitimize his rule.[([[https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/courses/romanartandarch2011/14123.html|brown]])]
+===== Virgil’s Aeneid =====
+The poet Virgil wrote the "Aeneid" during Augustus’ reign, which glorified Rome's origins and Augustus' leadership.[([[https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Augustus-In-Aeneid-By-Vergil-FCZ6LUKPV|bartleby]])]
+===== Julian Calendar =====
+The Julian calendar, introduced by Julius Caesar, was maintained during Augustus' reign and later became the basis for the Gregorian calendar.[([[https://www.calendar.com/history-of-the-calendar/|calendar]])]
+===== Praetorian Guard =====
+Augustus established the Praetorian Guard, an elite unit of soldiers tasked with protecting the emperor.[([[https://study.com/learn/lesson/what-is-the-praetorian-guard.html|study]])]
+===== Senate Relations =====
+Although Augustus held supreme power, he maintained the appearance of Republican governance by working closely with the Senate.[([[https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/bitstreams/06b1f42e-d836-5290-9bd9-70a432b179c7/download|unimelb]])]
+===== Family Tragedies =====
+Augustus experienced several personal tragedies, including the early deaths of his heirs, Marcellus, Gaius, and Lucius Caesar.[([[https://www.thecollector.com/augustus-succession-search-heir/|thecollector]])]
+===== Divine Status =====
+After his death, Augustus was deified by the Roman Senate, becoming one of Rome’s "Divine Emperors."[([[https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/07/03/the-divine-comedy-of-roman-emperors-last-words|newyorker]])]
+===== Coins and Portraits =====
+Augustus’ image appeared on coins and statues across the empire, creating a unified imperial identity.[([[https://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/the-repute-and-reality-being-roman-emperor/content-section-2.4|open]])]
+===== Agrippa =====
+His close friend and general, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, was instrumental in many of Augustus' military and architectural successes.[([[https://oxfordre.com/classics/classics/abstract/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-979?rskey=2SJWQf&result=130|oxfordre]])]
+===== Conquest of Egypt =====
+After the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra, Egypt was annexed as a province, becoming Augustus’ personal property.[([[https://artistproject.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/regy/hd_regy.htm|metmuseum]])]
+===== Provincial Reforms =====
+Augustus reformed the administration of Rome’s provinces, creating a more efficient and centralized system of governance.[([[https://civilizationchronicles.com/impact-of-augustus-on-governance/|civilizationchronicles]])]
+===== Religious Reforms =====
+He revived traditional Roman religious practices and rebuilt numerous temples.[([[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/116/augustus-political-social--moral-reforms/|worldhistory]])]
+===== Military Achievements =====
+Augustus expanded the Roman Empire, securing its borders and establishing new provinces in Spain, Gaul, and the Balkans.[([[https://academic.oup.com/book/6853/chapter/151053282|oup]])]
+===== Golden Age of Latin Literature =====
+His reign is often referred to as the "Golden Age" of Latin literature, with writers like Virgil, Horace, and Ovid flourishing under his patronage.[([[https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-early-roman-empire-and-the-reign-of-augustus-caesar.html|study]])]
+===== Augustan Peace =====
+The "Pax Augusta," or Augustan Peace, became synonymous with the stability and prosperity of his reign.[([[https://www.quora.com/How-did-Augustus-reign-lead-to-the-Pax-Romana|quora]])]
+===== Successor’s Reluctance =====
+Tiberius, his successor, was reportedly reluctant to take on the role of emperor, preferring a more private life.[([[https://medium.com/@barronqasem/tiberius-caesar-augustus-the-reluctant-emperor-2523253c77c6|medium]])]
+===== Senatorial Class =====
+Augustus elevated the senatorial class and filled its ranks with loyal supporters to secure his position.[([[https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Rome/The-Roman-Senate-and-the-urban-magistracies|britannica]])]
+===== Iconography =====
+Augustus was often depicted in military attire or in the guise of a god, emphasizing his role as Rome’s protector.[([[https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/courses/romanartandarch2011/14123.html|brown]])]
+===== Augustales =====
+He created a new priesthood, the Augustales, dedicated to the worship of his divine spirit.[([[https://ancientromanhistory31-14.com/augustus/the-imperial-cult-under-augustus/|ancientromanhistory31-14]])]
+===== Posthumous Honors =====
+Augustus’ birthday, September 23, was celebrated annually as a national holiday throughout the empire.[([[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/02A950BEE5000E73B7F0688B58E3F97A|cambridge]])]
+===== Literary Censorship =====
+While promoting literature, Augustus also imposed censorship, exiling poets like Ovid for works he considered immoral or subversive.[([[https://web.colby.edu/ovid-censorship/censorship/banning-books-and-freedom-of-speech-in-ancient-rome/|colby]])]
+===== Military Diplomacy =====
+Augustus often preferred diplomacy over direct military conquest, securing peace treaties with Parthia and other neighboring powers.[([[https://repository.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4833&context=gradschool_dissertations|lsu]])]
+===== Augustus Prima Porta =====
+One of the most famous statues of Augustus, the Augustus of Prima Porta, shows him as an idealized, youthful ruler, symbolizing his authority and divine favor.[([[https://www.quora.com/Was-Augustus-Prima-Porta-painted|quora]])]
+===== Julio-Claudian Dynasty =====
+Augustus founded the Julio-Claudian dynasty, which ruled Rome for nearly a century.[([[https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/jucl/hd_jucl.htm|metmuseum]])]
+===== Death =====
+Augustus died on August 19, 14 CE, in Nola, near Naples, after ruling for 41 years, making him one of the longest-reigning Roman emperors.[([[https://alexandermeddings.com/history/ancient-history/roman-emperor-deaths/|alexandermeddings]])]
+===== Famous Last Words =====
+His reported last words were, "I found Rome of clay; I leave it to you of marble," reflecting his transformative impact on the city. Another account claims his last words were to those around him: "Have I played my part well? Then applaud as I exit."[([[https://prophecyhistory.com/node/309|prophecyhistory]])]

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