Voltaire was born François-Marie Arouet on November 21, 1694, in Paris, France.¹⁾

He adopted the pen name “Voltaire” in 1718, which he used for the rest of his life.²⁾

Voltaire was a prominent figure of the Enlightenment, a philosophical movement in 18th-century Europe that emphasized reason, science, and individualism.³⁾

He was known for his wit, satire, and advocacy for civil liberties, including freedom of religion and freedom of speech.⁴⁾

Voltaire's father wanted him to study law, but he was more interested in literature and philosophy.⁵⁾

He wrote plays, poems, essays, novels, and historical works, covering a wide range of topics.⁶⁾

Voltaire's most famous work is the satirical novella “Candide,” published in 1759, which criticizes optimism and explores the problem of evil in the world.⁷⁾

He was a prolific correspondent and wrote thousands of letters to friends, scholars, and public figures throughout his life.⁸⁾

Voltaire was exiled to England for nearly three years (1726-1729) after criticizing the French government and offending a nobleman with his writing.⁹⁾

During his time in England, Voltaire was influenced by English thinkers such as John Locke and Isaac Newton.¹⁰⁾

He returned to France in 1729 and continued to write prolifically, producing works on philosophy, history, science, and religion.¹¹⁾

Voltaire was a deist, believing in a rational God who created the universe but did not intervene in human affairs.¹²⁾

Despite his criticism of organized religion, Voltaire defended religious tolerance and condemned religious persecution.¹³⁾

He famously said, “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it,” illustrating his commitment to freedom of speech.¹⁴⁾

Voltaire had a tumultuous relationship with the French authorities, often facing censorship and imprisonment for his writings.¹⁵⁾