Universal Pictures is an American film studio that is one of Hollywood's “Big Six” and is owned by Comcast through its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal. The Motion Picture Association of America is a member of Universal Studios (MPAA). Carl Laemmle (pronounced “LEM-lee”), Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane, and Jules Brulatour formed Universal in 1912. After the famous French studios Gaumont Film Company and Pathé, and the Danish Nordisk Film Company, it is the world's fourth oldest major film studio. ¹⁾