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--- ulysses_s._grant [2024/08/30 03:10]
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+++ ulysses_s._grant [2024/09/03 04:04] (current)
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 Grant attended the United States Military Academy at West Point, graduating in 1843. He was a middling student, ranking 21st out of 39.[([[https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/graduation-day-ulysses-s-grant-and-the-west-point-class-of-1843.htm|nps]])]
+===== Nickname =====
+Grant earned the nickname "Uncle Sam Grant" at West Point due to his initials "U.S.," leading to the widely recognized initials "U.S." in his name.[([[https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/general-grants-surprising-rise-from-cadet-to-commander|nationalgeographic]])]
+===== First Assignment =====
+After West Point, Grant was assigned to the 4th U.S. Infantry Regiment, stationed at Jefferson Barracks near St. Louis, Missouri.[([[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/grant-timeline/|pbs]])]
+===== Marriage =====
+In 1848, Grant married Julia Dent, whom he met while stationed at Jefferson Barracks. They had four children together.[([[https://www.ohiohistory.org/significant-grant-family-photographs-in-the-ohio-history-connection-collections/|ohiohistory]])]
+===== Mexican-American War =====
+Grant served in the Mexican-American War (1846-1848) under Generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott, gaining valuable military experience.[([[https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2tvfzd|jstor]])]
+===== Civilian Struggles =====
+After resigning from the Army in 1854, Grant struggled to make a living as a farmer and in other civilian jobs. He was not particularly successful and often faced financial difficulties.[([[https://millercenter.org/president/grant/life-before-the-presidency|millercenter]])]
+===== Rejoining the Army =====
+With the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, Grant rejoined the Army, initially serving as a colonel of volunteers.[([[https://www.usgrantlibrary.org/usgrant/military|usgrantlibrary]])]
+===== First Major Victory =====
+Grant's first major victory came at Fort Donelson in Tennessee in February 1862, where he famously demanded "unconditional surrender" from the Confederate forces.[([[https://www.biography.com/military-figures/ulysses-s-grant-nickname-unconditional-surrender-grant|biography]])]
+===== Promotion =====
+After his success at Fort Donelson, Grant was promoted to major general of volunteers.[([[https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/ulysses-s-grant/|whitehouse]])]
+===== Battle of Shiloh =====
+Grant led Union forces at the Battle of Shiloh in April 1862, one of the bloodiest battles in the Civil War. Despite heavy losses, the Union emerged victorious.[([[https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/shiloh|battlefields]])]
+===== Vicksburg Campaign =====
+Grant's successful campaign to capture Vicksburg, Mississippi, in 1863 was a turning point in the Civil War, giving the Union control of the Mississippi River.[([[https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/vicksburg-campaign|history]])]
+===== Nickname =====
+Due to his success, Grant earned the nickname "The Butcher" for his willingness to engage in total war and suffer heavy casualties to achieve victory.[([[https://www.quora.com/Was-Gen-Grant-a-butcher-or-did-he-just-have-the-acumen-to-recognize-that-the-advantage-in-war-had-so-shifted-to-the-defense-that-the-only-way-to-win-was-by-attrition-and-bludgeoning-his-way-through-Lee-s-lines|quora]])]
+===== Lieutenant General =====
+In March 1864, President Abraham Lincoln promoted Grant to lieutenant general, making him the first person to hold that rank since George Washington.[([[https://www.nps.gov/liho/learn/historyculture/lincolngrant.htm|nps]])]
+===== Overland Campaign =====
+Grant led the Union Army in the Overland Campaign in 1864, marked by brutal battles such as the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, and Cold Harbor.[([[https://history.army.mil/html/books/075/75-12/cmhpub_75-12.pdf|history army]])]
+===== Siege of Petersburg =====
+Grant's forces laid siege to Petersburg, Virginia, from June 1864 to April 1865, ultimately leading to the fall of Richmond and the end of the Civil War.[([[https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/petersburg|battlefields]])]
+===== Appomattox =====
+Grant accepted Confederate General Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865, effectively ending the Civil War.[([[https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/robert-e-lee-surrenders|history]])]
+===== Magnanimous Terms =====
+Grant offered generous surrender terms to Lee’s army, allowing them to return home with their horses and personal weapons.[([[https://www.quora.com/General-Ulysses-S-Grant-allowed-General-Robert-E-Lee-to-keep-both-his-horse-and-his-gun-after-Lee-surrendered-the-Civil-War-This-defied-all-tradition-Why-did-he-do-it|quora]])]
+===== Post-War Hero =====
+Grant became a national hero after the Civil War and was widely celebrated throughout the country.[([[https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/us-grant-was-the-great-hero-of-the-civil-war-but-lost-favor-with-historians/2014/04/24/62f5439e-bf53-11e3-b574-f8748871856a_story.html|washingtonpost]])]
+===== Presidency =====
+Ulysses S. Grant was elected as the 18th President of the United States in 1868 and served two terms from 1869 to 1877.[([[https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/ulysses-s-grant/|whitehouse]])]
+===== Reconstruction =====
+As president, Grant supported Reconstruction and the protection of African American rights in the South, including the passage of the 15th Amendment.[([[https://www.nps.gov/articles/ulysses-s-grant-the-15th-amendment.htm|nps]])]
+===== Ku Klux Klan =====
+Grant took strong action against the Ku Klux Klan during his presidency, signing the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871, which allowed for federal intervention to suppress the group.[([[https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/EnforcementActs.htm|senate]])]
+===== Civil Service Reform =====
+Grant initiated civil service reforms to combat the widespread corruption in government jobs.[([[https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/2022-05/Combatting_Corruption_Among_Civil_Servants_-_Interdisciplinary_Perspectives_on_What_Works.pdf|usaid]])]
+===== Alaska =====
+During Grant's presidency, the United States completed the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867, although the process began under President Andrew Johnson.[([[https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1994/winter/alaska-check|archives]])]
+===== Panic of 1873 =====
+Grant's presidency was marred by the Panic of 1873, a severe economic depression that led to widespread unemployment and financial instability.[([[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/grant-panic/|pbs]])]
+===== Whiskey Ring Scandal =====
+The Whiskey Ring scandal, in which government officials and whiskey distillers conspired to defraud the federal government of tax revenues, tarnished Grant's presidency.[([[https://www.thoughtco.com/the-whiskey-ring-5220735|thoughtco]])]
+===== Native American Policy =====
+Grant's "Peace Policy" aimed to reduce military conflict with Native American tribes and placed many reservations under the control of Christian missionaries.[([[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/rac.2014.24.1.36|jstor]])]
+===== Foreign Relations =====
+Grant's administration successfully resolved the Alabama Claims with Great Britain, securing compensation for damages caused by British-built Confederate ships during the Civil War.[([[https://history.state.gov/milestones/1861-1865/alabama|state]])]
+===== Third Term Attempt =====
+After leaving office, Grant considered running for a third term in 1880 but ultimately did not receive the Republican nomination.[([[https://millercenter.org/president/grant/life-after-the-presidency|millercenter]])]
+===== World Tour =====
+After his presidency, Grant embarked on a world tour from 1877 to 1879, visiting Europe, the Middle East, and Asia, where he was warmly received.[([[https://www.stripes.com/travel/remembering-ulysses-s-grant-s-visit-to-japan-1.22915|stripes]])]
+===== Financial Ruin =====
+In 1884, Grant lost nearly all of his savings in a financial scandal involving his investment partner, Ferdinand Ward, who ran a Ponzi scheme.[([[https://www.history.com/news/how-ulysses-grant-died-memoirs-mark-twain|history]])]
+===== Memoirs =====
+To support his family, Grant wrote his memoirs, which are considered one of the greatest works of American literature. He completed them shortly before his death.[([[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/war-and-peace-of-mind-for-ulysses-s-grant-1882227/|smithsonianmag]])]
+===== Mark Twain =====
+The famous author Mark Twain helped Grant publish his memoirs, which were a financial success and provided for his family after his death.[([[https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/mark-twain-ulysses-s-grant-friendship|biography]])]
+===== Death =====
+Ulysses S. Grant died of throat cancer on July 23, 1885, at the age of 63.[([[https://www.politico.com/story/2016/07/ulysses-s-grant-dies-july-23-1885-225884|politico]])]
+===== National Mourning =====
+Grant’s death prompted a period of national mourning. His funeral in New York City was one of the largest public gatherings in the country’s history at that time.[([[http://npshistory.com/publications/ulsg/hrs.pdf|npshistory]])]
+===== Grant's Tomb =====
+Grant is buried in Grant's Tomb in New York City, the largest mausoleum in North America.[([[https://encyclopediavirginia.org/960hpr-20797575b530c12/|encyclopediavirginia]])]
+===== Honest Reputation =====
+Despite the scandals during his presidency, Grant was known for his personal honesty and integrity.[([[https://millercenter.org/president/grant/impact-and-legacy/|millercenter]])]
+===== Reluctant President =====
+Grant was initially reluctant to run for president and only agreed to do so out of a sense of duty.[([[https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2014/mayjune/feature/the-odyssey-ulysses-s-grant/|neh]])]
+===== Horses =====
+Grant was an exceptional horseman and had a lifelong love of horses. He was known for his ability to calm even the most unruly horses.[([[https://www.ronaldcwhite.com/ulysses-s-grant/|ronaldcwhite]])]
+===== Military Strategy =====
+Grant is credited with developing and implementing the strategy of "total war," which targeted not only enemy armies but also the economic infrastructure supporting them.[([[https://www.quora.com/Why-did-Grant-Sherman-and-Sheridan-declare-a-total-war-against-the-South|quora]])]
+===== Vetoes =====
+Grant used the presidential veto power more frequently than any of his predecessors, vetoing 93 bills during his two terms.[([[https://www.senate.gov/legislative/vetoes/vetoCounts.htm|senate]])]
+===== Union Square Statue =====
+A statue of Grant on horseback stands in New York City’s Union Square, commemorating his role in the Civil War.[([[https://thereconstructionera.com/ulysses-s-grant-in-brooklyn/|thereconstructionera]])]
+===== Currency =====
+Ulysses S. Grant’s portrait has appeared on the U.S. $50 bill since 1913.[([[https://www.uscurrency.gov/denominations/50|uscurrency]])]
+===== National Parks =====
+Grant signed the act establishing the first national park, Yellowstone, in 1872.[([[https://guides.loc.gov/act-establishing-yellowstone|loc]])]
+===== Diverse Cabinet =====
+Grant’s cabinet included the first Jewish-American Cabinet member, Secretary of the Treasury Benjamin Bristow, and the first Native American to hold a federal office, Ely S. Parker, as Commissioner of Indian Affairs.[([[https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/12971/1/Grenville-Mathers%2C%20Belle%20Revised%20Thesis%20Oct%202015.pdf|whiterose]])]

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