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+====== Michael Bloomberg ======
+===== Birth in Boston =====
+Michael Rubens Bloomberg was born on February 14, 1942, in Boston, Massachusetts, and grew up in nearby Medford. [([[https://www.britannica.com/money/Michael-Bloomberg|Britannica]])]
+===== Middle Name Heritage =====
+His middle name, Rubens, was given to him in honor of his maternal grandfather, Ruben Mensinsky. [([[https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Michael-Bloomberg/626763|Britannica Kids]])]
+===== Johns Hopkins Parking Lot Job =====
+While studying electrical engineering at Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg worked as a parking lot attendant to help finance his college tuition. [([[https://engineering.jhu.edu/ece/alumni/alumni-corner/|Johns Hopkins University]])]
+===== Five-Dollar First Donation =====
+Upon his graduation from Johns Hopkins in 1964, Bloomberg made his very first financial contribution to the university in the amount of five dollars. [([[https://engineering.jhu.edu/ece/alumni/alumni-corner/|Johns Hopkins University]])]
+===== Harvard Business School MBA =====
+Bloomberg earned his Master of Business Administration degree from Harvard Business School in 1966 before launching his Wall Street career. [([[https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/05/michael-bloomberg-extolls-moral-leadership-at-harvards-class-day/|Harvard Gazette]])]
+===== Salomon Brothers Entry =====
+Bloomberg began his professional career at investment bank Salomon Brothers in 1966, starting in an entry-level clerk position before rising to partner. [([[https://time.com/archive/7029555/photos-michael-bloomberg-10-questions/|TIME]])]
+===== Fired from Salomon Brothers =====
+In 1981, Bloomberg was fired from Salomon Brothers when the investment bank was acquired by Phibro Corporation, receiving a $10 million severance buyout. [([[https://www.forbes.com/profile/michael-bloomberg/|Forbes]])]
+===== Founding Innovative Market Systems =====
+Using his Salomon severance funds, Bloomberg co-founded Innovative Market Systems in 1981 to build customized financial data computer terminals. [([[https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Michael-Bloomberg/626763|Britannica Kids]])]
+===== The Bloomberg Terminal Revolution =====
+Bloomberg revolutionized the financial industry by creating the Bloomberg Terminal, delivering real-time financial market analytics directly to traders. [([[https://www.bloomberg.com/company/stories/bloomberg-new-york-always-tech-hub/|Bloomberg LP]])]
+===== Majority Ownership in Bloomberg LP =====
+Bloomberg retains an estimated 88% majority ownership stake in Bloomberg LP, the global financial data and media enterprise he built. [([[https://www.forbes.com/profile/michael-bloomberg/|Forbes]])]
+===== 2001 NYC Mayoral Election =====
+Bloomberg ran for Mayor of New York City in 2001 following the September 11 terrorist attacks, successfully winning election to succeed Rudy Giuliani. [([[https://apnews.com/general-news-united-states-presidential-election-50571d1a2af8409a91fca40993ca8950|AP News]])]
+===== Party Switch to Republican =====
+A lifelong Democrat, Bloomberg switched his official political registration to Republican in 2001 to run in the NYC mayoral primary election. [([[https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Michael-Bloomberg/626763|Britannica Kids]])]
+===== Post-9/11 Economic Recovery =====
+As mayor, Bloomberg focused on restoring New York City's commercial confidence and budget stability following the devastating impacts of September 11. [([[https://apnews.com/general-news-united-states-presidential-election-50571d1a2af8409a91fca40993ca8950|AP News]])]
+===== Public Smoking Ban =====
+In 2002, Bloomberg signed landmark public health legislation banning cigarette smoking inside all New York City bars, restaurants, and workplaces. [([[https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/mar/12/new-york-super-size-soda-ban-video|The Guardian]])]
+===== Trans Fat Restaurant Ban =====
+Under Bloomberg's administration, New York City became the first major American city to ban artificial trans fats in restaurant foods. [([[https://www.bloomberg.org/team/michael-bloomberg/|Bloomberg Philanthropies]])]
+===== Super-Sized Soda Ban Proposal =====
+In 2012, Bloomberg proposed a controversial municipal policy limiting the sale of sugary soft drinks larger than 16 ounces in city restaurants. [([[https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/mar/12/new-york-super-size-soda-ban-video|The Guardian]])]
+===== Calorie Counts Requirement =====
+Bloomberg enacted regulations requiring chain restaurants operating in New York City to prominently display calorie counts on customer menus. [([[https://www.bloomberg.org/team/michael-bloomberg/|Bloomberg Philanthropies]])]
+===== Overhauling NYC Public Schools =====
+Bloomberg convinced the state legislature to grant City Hall direct control over public schools, establishing charter schools and grading performance. [([[https://stateimpact.npr.org/idaho/2012/11/01/why-nyc-mayor-mike-bloomberg-gave-200000-to-support-idahos-education-reform-laws/|NPR]])]
+===== Teacher Evaluation System Negotiations =====
+During his third term, Bloomberg engaged in high-stakes contract negotiations with the United Federation of Teachers over teacher evaluation standards. [([[https://www.pon.harvard.edu/daily/business-negotiations/top-business-negotiations-of-2013-michael-bloomberg-versus-the-new-york-teachers-union/|Harvard Law School]])]
+===== Hudson Yards Rezoning =====
+Bloomberg oversaw the major urban rezoning of Manhattan's West Side, paving the way for the massive Hudson Yards commercial development project. [([[https://www.businessinsider.com/michael-bloomberg-2020-president-centrist-democrat-2018-9|Business Insider]])]
+===== Times Square Pedestrian Plaza =====
+Bloomberg supported closing sections of Times Square to vehicle traffic, creating permanent pedestrian plazas using real-time taxi GPS traffic data. [([[https://datasmart.hks.harvard.edu/mike-bloomberg-cities-innovation-mayors?page=3|Harvard Kennedy School]])]
+===== Data-Driven Management Philosophy =====
+Throughout his tenure at City Hall, Bloomberg governed by the core managerial motto: "If you can't measure it, you can't manage it." [([[https://associates.bloomberg.org/about/|Bloomberg Associates]])]
+===== Stop-and-Frisk Policing Controversy =====
+Bloomberg faced intense public criticism for his administration's expansion of the NYPD's stop-and-frisk policing policy in minority communities. [([[https://www.washingtonpost.com/editorial/opinion--can-michael-bloomberg-be-forgiven/4290c0c4-a490-46a4-ac42-610cfb645bf0_video.html?tid=ptv_rellink&itid=vlp_rel02|The Washington Post]])]
+===== Term Limits Law Overhaul =====
+In 2008, Bloomberg successfully lobbied the New York City Council to alter local term limit rules so he could run for a third consecutive term as mayor. [([[https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Michael-Bloomberg/626763|Britannica Kids]])]
+===== Independent Political Shift =====
+Bloomberg left the Republican Party in 2007, governing as a political independent for the remainder of his second and third mayoral terms. [([[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/sep/14/the-many-lives-of-michael-bloomberg-review-new-york-mayor-trump-president|The Guardian]])]
+===== 9/11 Memorial Foundation Chair =====
+Bloomberg stepped in as chairman of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum board, helping spearhead private fundraising efforts to open the site. [([[https://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2012/09/11/bloomberg-remembers-911-freedoms-are-fragile/|CNN]])]
+===== Superstorm Sandy Response =====
+In October 2012, Bloomberg led New York City's emergency response and recovery initiatives following the severe flooding caused by Superstorm Sandy. [([[https://stateimpact.npr.org/idaho/2012/11/01/why-nyc-mayor-mike-bloomberg-gave-200000-to-support-idahos-education-reform-laws/|NPR]])]
+===== Returning to Bloomberg LP =====
+After leaving City Hall at the end of 2013, Bloomberg resumed full leadership as CEO of his global financial media company. [([[https://www.bloomberg.org/team/michael-bloomberg/|Bloomberg Philanthropies]])]
+===== Everytown for Gun Safety Co-Founder =====
+Bloomberg co-founded Mayors Against Illegal Guns, which expanded into Everytown for Gun Safety, the nation's largest gun violence prevention organization. [([[https://associates.bloomberg.org/about/|Bloomberg Associates]])]
+===== Sierra Club Beyond Coal Campaign =====
+Bloomberg contributed hundreds of millions of dollars to the Sierra Club's Beyond Coal initiative to help retire coal-fired power plants across America. [([[https://time.com/collections/earth-awards-2025/7270320/michael-bloomberg/|TIME]])]
+===== American Cities Climate Challenge =====
+Through Bloomberg Philanthropies, Bloomberg launched the $70 million American Cities Climate Challenge to support sustainability goals in 20 U.S. cities. [([[https://www.forbes.com/sites/noahkirsch/2018/05/23/michael-bloomberg-takes-on-trump-pledges-42-million-to-us-cities/|Forbes]])]
+===== UN Special Envoy for Climate Action =====
+The United Nations appointed Bloomberg to serve as the UN Secretary-General's Special Envoy for Climate Ambition and Solutions. [([[https://www.bloomberg.com/company/press/un-special-envoy-michael-bloomberg-joins-forces-with-bancolombia-and-bbva-to-launch-cfli-colombia-in-support-of-colombias-climate-goals/|Bloomberg LP]])]
+===== Co-Chair of GFANZ Financial Alliance =====
+Bloomberg joined Mark Carney as co-chair of the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ) to mobilize private climate financing. [([[https://www.bloomberg.com/company/press/un-special-envoy-for-climate-ambition-and-solutions-michael-r-bloomberg-joins-un-special-envoy-on-climate-action-and-finance-mark-carney-as-co-chair-for-gfanz/|Bloomberg LP]])]
+===== 2020 Democratic Presidential Bid =====
+In November 2019, Bloomberg officially entered the Democratic presidential primary race, framing his candidacy around administrative competence. [([[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/michael-bloomberg-running-for-president-launching-2020-campaign-with-multimillion-dollar-ad-blitz/|CBS News]])]
+===== Self-Funded Campaign Advertising =====
+Bloomberg spent more than $500 million of his own fortune on political advertisements to publicize his 2020 Democratic presidential primary campaign. [([[https://www.businessinsider.com/michael-bloomberg-2020-president-centrist-democrat-2018-9|Business Insider]])]
+===== Elizabeth Warren Debate Clashes =====
+During his first primary debate appearance in Nevada, Bloomberg faced sharp criticism from Senator Elizabeth Warren regarding past corporate non-disclosure agreements. [([[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/mar/04/mike-bloomberg-out-60-second-attack-elizabeth-warren-destroyed-campaign|The Guardian]])]
+===== Refusing Campaign Donations =====
+Throughout his 2020 presidential run, Bloomberg refused to accept individual campaign donations or political action committee (PAC) contributions. [([[https://www.businessinsider.com/michael-bloomberg-campaign-tweets-democratic-debate-2020-1|Business Insider]])]
+===== Rejoining Democratic Party in 2018 =====
+Bloomberg re-registered as a Democrat in October 2018, spending tens of millions to support Democratic congressional candidates in the midterm elections. [([[https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/politics/michael-bloomberg-higher-purpose--campaign-2018/2018/11/04/4f5ef75e-e06d-11e8-ba30-a7ded04d8fac_video.html|The Washington Post]])]
+===== Historic Donation to Johns Hopkins =====
+In 2024, Bloomberg pledged a $1 billion gift to Johns Hopkins University to cover tuition costs for the majority of medical students attending the institution. [([[https://apnews.com/article/chronicle-of-philanthropy-50-michael-bloomberg-b92a504edaaa7b9712863d7d93e79a59|AP News]])]
+===== HBCU Medical School Grants =====
+Bloomberg awarded $600 million in endowment grants through Bloomberg Philanthropies to support the four historically Black medical schools in the United States. [([[https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/tag/michael-bloomberg/|CBS News]])]
+===== Presidential Medal of Freedom Honor =====
+In 2024, President Joe Biden presented Bloomberg with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award granted by the United States. [([[https://www.bloomberg.org/team/michael-bloomberg/|Bloomberg Philanthropies]])]
+===== Lasker Award for Public Service =====
+In 2009, Bloomberg was awarded the Mary Woodard Lasker Award for Public Service in recognition of his evidence-based public health policies. [([[https://gazette.jhu.edu/2009/09/21/alumni-bloomberg-and-sawyers-receive-lasker-awards/|Johns Hopkins Gazette]])]
+===== Bloomberg Associates Advisory Firm =====
+Bloomberg created Bloomberg Associates, a pro bono philanthropic consultancy that advises municipal leaders on urban policy across the world. [([[https://associates.bloomberg.org/about/|Bloomberg Associates]])]
+===== Chronicle of Philanthropy Top Rank =====
+Bloomberg has consistently ranked as America's largest individual donor on the Chronicle of Philanthropy's annual Philanthropy 50 list. [([[https://time.com/collections/time100-philanthropy-2025/7286082/michael-bloomberg-titan/|TIME]])]
+===== Endorsing Andrew Cuomo for Mayor =====
+In the 2025 New York City mayoral election, Bloomberg endorsed former Governor Andrew Cuomo, citing his crisis management experience. [([[https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/michael-bloomberg-andrew-cuomo-endorsement-nyc-mayors-race/|CBS News]])]

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