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==== Emperor Leo I ==== | ==== Emperor Leo I ==== | ||
Leo I the Great was the first Eastern Roman emperor to be crowned by the Patriarch Anatolius of Constantinople. [([[https:// | Leo I the Great was the first Eastern Roman emperor to be crowned by the Patriarch Anatolius of Constantinople. [([[https:// | ||
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+ | ==== Constantine V Copronymus ==== | ||
+ | Constantine V Copronymus (718 - 775), was a Byzantine emperor, one of the greatest iconoclasts. He was nicknamed copronymus (kopros, dung) by historians hostile to the iconoclasts. At the Council of Hierei, he banned the preservation and production of any artwork related to Christian worship. This was the prelude to a widespread campaign to destroy works depicting the figures of saints, the Holy Trinity, and so on. From churches walls with mosaics were torn out, illustrated books were burned, dozens of monasteries were turned into arms depots and barracks, thousands of monks were forcibly married off to former harlots. | ||
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+ | ==== Founded in 395 ==== | ||
+ | Byzantium was founded in 395, due to Emperor Theodosius I's division of the Roman empire into two parts - eastern and western. [([[https:// | ||
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+ | ==== The reach ==== | ||
+ | In its best years, which were in the mid-6th century, the Byzantine Empire' | ||
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+ | ==== Basileus ==== | ||
+ | At the head of Byzantium since 629 formally basileus was the emperor-the highest ruler in the universe, who was elected by the senate, with unanimous approval, the army, and the people. [([[https:// | ||
==== Irene of Athens ==== | ==== Irene of Athens ==== | ||
Irene of Athens was Byzantine empress (797-802), wife of Leo IV. Since 780 Irene was regent to her minor son Constantine VI. In 787, during the Second Council of Nicea, she restored the cult of images. When the son came of age and assumed the throne, there was a permanent conflict of power between the son and the mother. Eventually, the empress led to his blinding and imprisonment, | Irene of Athens was Byzantine empress (797-802), wife of Leo IV. Since 780 Irene was regent to her minor son Constantine VI. In 787, during the Second Council of Nicea, she restored the cult of images. When the son came of age and assumed the throne, there was a permanent conflict of power between the son and the mother. Eventually, the empress led to his blinding and imprisonment, | ||
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+ | ==== Greek fire ==== | ||
+ | During the war with the Arabs, the Byzantine army was the first to use Greek fire. [([[https:// | ||
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+ | ==== Supremacy of the state over the Church ==== | ||
+ | Justinian the Great introduced views that led to the supremacy of the state over the Church and the decision of all religious life. [([[https:// | ||
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+ | ==== Hagia Sofia ==== | ||
+ | As part of his nurturing of artistic creativity, the emperor funded numerous public buildings, such as the Hagia Sophia Basilica in the capital (532-537). [([[https:// | ||
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+ | ==== Name origin ==== | ||
+ | The name Byzantium is derived from the name of the city of Byzantion, on the site of which Constantinople was built. [([[https:// | ||
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+ | ==== Lack of legislation ==== | ||
+ | The weak point of the Byzantine Empire was the lack of any legal regulations that dealt with the succession to the throne. This led to seizures of power in defiance of the law and internal fighting and political murders. [([[https:// | ||
==== The Book of Suda ==== | ==== The Book of Suda ==== | ||
The Book of Suda, often quoted under the Latin title Liber Suda, is a 10th-century Byzantine lexicon of about 30,000 entries, of which about 900 are factual articles, mostly historical and literary. In view of the scarcity of ancient sources, the book is invaluable and in many cases the only source of historical information. Justus Lipsius, a Flemish historian, and philosopher called it "a ram of the golden fleece" | The Book of Suda, often quoted under the Latin title Liber Suda, is a 10th-century Byzantine lexicon of about 30,000 entries, of which about 900 are factual articles, mostly historical and literary. In view of the scarcity of ancient sources, the book is invaluable and in many cases the only source of historical information. Justus Lipsius, a Flemish historian, and philosopher called it "a ram of the golden fleece" | ||
- | ==== Constantine V Copronymus | + | ==== Economy |
- | Constantine V Copronymus (718 - 775), was a Byzantine | + | Cereal cultivation |
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+ | ==== Christianisation ==== | ||
+ | The process of supplanting ethnic religions became an undoubted success | ||
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+ | ==== Architecture ==== | ||
+ | In the field of architecture, Byzantium developed two types of temples: central and oblong. The central | ||
==== Hesychasm ==== | ==== Hesychasm ==== | ||
Hesychasm (hesychasmos; | Hesychasm (hesychasmos; | ||
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